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- American History
- Imigration and Discrimination in the 1920's
-
- Beginning in the early nineteenth century there were massive waves of
- immigration. These "new" immigants were largely from Italy, Russia, and
- Ireland. There was a mixed reaction to these incomming foreigners. While
- they provided industries with a cheap source of labor, Americans were both
- afraid of, and hostile towards these new groups. They differed from the
- "typical American" in language, customs, and religion. Many individuals and
- industries alike played upon America's fears of immigration to further their
- own goals. Leuchtenburg follows this common theme from the beginning of
- World War I up untill the election of 1928.
- If there was one man who singlely used America's fear of immigrants to
- advance his own political goals it was Attorney General Palmer. The rise of
- Communism in Russia created a fear of its spread across Europe, and to
- America. Palmer tied this fear to that of immigration. He denounced labor
- unions, the Socialist party, and the Communist party in America, as being
- infultrated with radicals who sought to overturn America's political,
- economic, and social institutions. Palmer exasperated this fear in Americans
- and then presented himself as the country's savior, combatting the evils of
- Communism. He mainly centered his attack on Russian immigrants. During the
- infamous Palmer raids thousands of aliens were deported and even more were
- arrested on little or no evidence. Their civil liberties were violated,
- they were not told the reasons for their arrests, denied counsel, and not
- given fair trials. What followed was an investigation of Palmer led by Louis
- Post which overturned many of Palmer's actions. Palmer's cretability was
- shattered after in a last minute attempt to gain the 1920 presidencial
- nomination, he made predictions about a May Day radical uprising, the nation
- perpared itself, but on May 1st 1920 all was peaceful. While the raids had
- stopped, the hostilities towards immagrants still remained prevelent.
- Immigrants were used by organized industries as a source of cheap labor.
- But as labor unions began to form and push for better pay, shorter hours,
- and improved working conditions industries saw that it was not as easy to
- exploit these immigrants as it had been before. Like Palmer, they tied the
- American's hostilities towards immigrants to the newly emerging fear of
- radicalism. When workers struck, industry leaders turned public opinion
- agains them by labling the strikes as attemps at radical uprising. As a
- result, workers were often left with no other choice than to accept the
- terms of industry management.
- The fight for prohabition was aided by America's antagonism for immigrants.
- Protestants and "old-stock" Americans attempted to link alchol with
- Catholic-Irish and Italian immigrants. They were viewed as immoral and
- corrupt for their vice. Prohabition was a means of counterattacking the
- evils of the urban cities and their immigrant dwellers. In addition, the
- rise of the KKK was a direct result of the hostilities harbored towards the
- immigrant population. Started by native born, white, Protestants, the KKK
- was afraid of "the encroachment of foreigners," expecially those who
- answered to a foreign Pope as their religious authority. Playing upon these
- fears, the KKK gained support and was it's members were able to politically
- control parts of Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and much of Indiana.
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